Physics optics problems science and mathematics education research group supported by ubc teaching and learning enhancement fund 20122015 faculty of education department of curriculum and pedagogy f a c u l t y o f e d u c a t i o n. Light rays are lines which are perpendicular to the lights wavefronts. This lab consists of many short optics experiments. According to quantum physics, the energy of an electromagnetic wave is. Phy 431 optics course syllabus michigan state university. Introduction to modern optics, by fowles dover book. Light is an electromagnetic disturbance, and as such is described using maxwells equations, which expresses the relationship between the electric.
Explain how an image is formed by a converging lens using ray diagrams. Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. Ware click here to download geometric optics, by j. This book is pretty much the best textbook purchase i have ever made. We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole while.
Light and geometrical optics test 1 kaplan 3 passage i questions 16 figure 1 shows a simplified model of the eye that is based on the assumption that all of the refraction of entering light occurs at the cornea. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. Thin lenses when the size of the physical and optical objects of a system are much larger than the wavelength of the light or as. Free solved physics problems on wave and ray optics. Spread of the components of a light ray through a prism. May 03, 2012 continuing the a level physics revision series with geometric optics. A light ray from a source goes in a straight line through the air, but when it encounters a lens, prism, or mirror it bends or changes direction.
In geometrical optics we represent light rays with arrows with straight lines. In this module, you will learn about one of the two main divisions of basic opticsgeometrical ray optics. There are two types of optics in physics, geometric optics, and physical optics. When the rays are incident from very far away the lens forms an image at a distance from the lens equal to the focal length left. For a spherical mirror, the focal length is half of the radius of curvature, f r2. Howell2 1the institute of optics, university of rochester, rochester, new york 14627, usa 2department of physics and astronomy, university of rochester, rochester, new york 14627, usa joseph. We have a preference not to introduce geometrical optics after maxwells equations. A converging lens forms either real or virtual images, depending on the object location. Students will learn about refraction, lenses, and mirrors. Another crucial concept for wave optics was provided by the dutch physicist christiaan huygens 1629 1695. Optics describe the light propagation in terms of the light ray.
Watch how the image changes when you adjust the focal length of the lens, move the object, move the lens, or move the screen. In geometric optics, the following statements are true for real and virtual images. If not, maybe you just want to know a little more about your own eyeglasses or contact lenses. That is, the normal is along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to the point of incidence. Light rays tend to bend at the interface of two different medium where the refractive index changes. I used this book to brush up on the introductory physics sequence and am planning to use it in my optics class. The first and simplest situation to discuss is a single refracting surface, separating two media with different indices of refraction fig. Geometric optics the part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics. Propagation, interference and diffraction of waves. Geometric optics 3 for objects far from the mirror, the incident rays are parallel and are reected as illustrated in figure 3. Optical bench with screen at one end and raybox bracket at the other end. These lessons have been designed to be used as a teaching tool, either as individual lessons or as a series, or they can be used as a revision tool. Eikonal equations, gradient index lenses, hamiltonian optics pdf 11.
A guide to geometric optics teaching approach in this series we explain geometric optics. Other important optics topics include interference, polarization, and fiber optics. Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation of sight in us. As a result, such conventional optics is very bulky and voluminous. Wave optics propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets.
Suppose a man stands in front of a mirror as shown in the figure. Microscopes and other optical instruments are commonly plagued by lens errors that distort the image by a variety. Geometrical optics is an interesting subject full of wonderful applications, a subject that can appear anywhere in an introductory physics course. In the module to follow, you will learn about the otherphysical wave optics. These are but a few of the questions that are answered by the study of optics. All the exercise of chapter 18 geometrical optics questions with solutions to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks. Geometrical optics optics physics experiments physics. Physics 262 geometric optics part i position and size of image. Geometric optics electricity and magnetism heat and thermodynamics physical optics max fairbairns planetary photometry integrals and differential equations.
The cornea is a converging lens located at the outer surface of the eye with fixed focal length approximately equal to 2 cm. Geometric optics problems and solutions in university. Of course, every real system experiences diffraction effects, so geometric. Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics. Very useful for calculusbased and algebrabased college physics and ap high school physics. Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. Converging reflecting surface position of object beyond 2f cm at 2f cm between 2f and f cm at f cm between f and mirror cm d o d i h o h i image. Geometric optics light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Optical systems in which the wave nature of light must be taken into account interference, diffraction are called physical optics. Geometrical optics explained in a understandable way.
The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual 2. In particular, optics is concerned with the generation and propagation of light and its interaction with matter. Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. The light ray in geometrical optics is an instrument which is used to approximate models of how the light will propagate.
General physics 2 geometric optics 16 sign conventions focal length positive for converging lenses negative for diverging lenses object distance positive if the object is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming this is usually the case otherwise, it is negative virtual object. Hc verma class 11 physics part1 solutions for chapter 18. Read and download ebook geometric optics phet lab answer key pdf at public ebook library geometric optics phet lab answer key pdf download. The wave fronts are spherical, and the direction of motion of the wave is perpendicular to the wave front, as depicted in figure. Free pdf download of hc verma solutions for class 11 physics part1 chapter 18 geometrical optics solved by expert physics teachers on. Light optics is an interesting subject full of wonderful applications, a subject that can appear anywhere in an introductory physics course. Cc ff r rays from infinity parallel to the principal axis all go through the focal point, f. Superposition of waves, interference, optical interferometry pdf 1. Derived from first principles, a clear mathematical treatment of depth of field and fnumber. The camera, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor. Optics lecture 2016 university of oxford department of physics.
Ray tracing is a geometric technique to determine the paths taken by light rays through thin lenses. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. Cardinal points if the indices of refraction of all elements are known, together with the positions and radii of curvature of all surfaces, it is always possible to calculate the approximate position and size of the image of a given object by considering successively the effect of. There are only two concerns that i have for this book. These reected rays intersect at a point f the focal point and the distance from f to the mirror is the focal length. Geometrical optics is the treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms, etc. This is because we observe the processes emission, reflection, scattering at a distance 10cms with bare eyes that are much longer than the wavelength of light 107. Where is the image formed by the mirror, and what is the height of this image. Reflection from plane surface angle of incidence equals angle of reflection mirrors completely reflect light.
We leave the case of arbitrary indices of refraction to the student, because ideas are always the most important thing, not the specific situation, and the problem is easy enough to do in any case. It consists of three parts which can, and for practical purposes probably should, be done in any order. The last chapter, chapter 10, is a brief outline of ray optics and is intended to introduce the student to the matrix method for. Based on rectilinear propagation of light valid only if.
Despite much interest and progress in optical spatial cloaking. Note that c is a distance r from the spherical segment. A ray is a line that has an origin, but does not have an end. Because the material from which a lens is made has slightly different values of the index of refraction for different colors. To present some of the classical tools used in the solution of integrals and differential equations that appear typically in physics and optics. Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images.
Geometrical optics please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going a3a4 and using back to back on the photocopier contents. Week 1 rayoptics approach snells law, geometric optics, thin lens, matrix method. Light is an electromagnetic disturbance, and as such is described using maxwells equations, which. Three phenomena reflection, refraction, and diffraction help you predict where a ray or rays of light will go. When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is. Tatum click here to download copies of the following texts are available in the optics lab, 1250 bps. Refraction, refractive index n, snells law n 1 sin. Geometric optics mirrors and thin lenses prepared by vince zaccone for campus learning assistance services at ucsb we have already learned the basics of reflection and refraction. Lenses and geometrical optics olympus life science. Pedrotti cord waco, texas optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications.
Lecture 18 geometric optics ii thin lenses unm physics and. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. This document is highly rated by class 12 students and has been viewed 21914 times. Lens is the common name given to a component of glass or transparent plastic material is designed to produce either a convergence or divergence of light passing through the material common aberrations in lens systems. Ray optics and optical instruments 311 this case is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface at the point of incidence. A very commonly used optical device is the thin lens. The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances the simplifying assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c.
Geometric optics phet lab answer key pdf a solution to get the problem off, have you found it. Physics 23 fall 1988 lab 3 geometrical optics theory this laboratory is an exercise in geometrical optics, the reflection and refraction of light when it strikes the surface between air and glass, or air and water. Pdf download allen mock test papers for jee with solutions may 16, 2020 pdf download allen jee mains 2020 minor and major test papers with solutions apr 12, 2020 pdf buy jh sir physical chemistry notes for class 12 mar 8, 2020 pdf nv sir 11th class physics notes for jee and boards feb 27, 2020 pdf download nv sir physics notes complete for jee feb 22. The term thin is, of course, qualitative, and just means in this sense that we can ignore the thickness of. Experiment 7 geometrical optics department of physics at. Reflection and refraction are two processes that change the direction light travels.
Chapter notes geometrical optics, class 12, physics iit. If you are planning to go into a veterinary or medical field, you might be helping patients with eye problems. Geometrical optics a light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three. Since the first degree of approximation, light travels in a straight line, the ray treatment of light called geometric optics distinct from physical optics, which attempts to explain the objective phenomenon of light. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light is entirely adequate. If you capture sunlight in a mirror or lens you can feel the heat where the sunlight is reflectedrefracted as a real image but you cannot feel the heat where the sunlight is. Mistakes in notes wrong mcq option the page is not clearly visible answer quality needs to be improved your name. When you look at this page, too, you are seeing light reflected from it. With maxwells theory, the student is introduced to the wave nature of one component of matter, namely light.